Karl's Radio Schedule Bulk MSM Powder Spider Bite Research MSM Patents CalmCream James Coburn MSM Research	Cold Extract Ayurvedic Herbs Penetrating & Carrying Power of MSM Origin & History of Ayurvedic Medicine	Ayurvedic Herbal MSM Home Page Bulk MSM Web Shopping Cart	Separate Search Page or   Separate Search Page or search below Loading
50% Discount Survey Form	CalmCream Slide Show	Complete Survey For Free Sample	Write To Karl Loren	Table Of Contents

Curcuma Longa

Source
 

HOME |  ABOUT HERBMED |  SPONSORS |  LINKS |  LICENSING |  HELP

 

BACK TO HOME   SCIENTIFIC NAME: Curcuma longa COMMON NAME: turmeric   Evidence for Efficacy (Human Data)    Clinical Trials  (6)    Observational Studies/Case Reports  (1)    Traditional and Folk Use  (5)  Warnings    Adverse Effects & Toxicity   (9)    Interactions   (1)    Contraindications   (0)   Methods of Preparation    Contemporary Standardized Methods  (1)    Folk Methods  (0)  Formulas/Blends    Contemporary Formulas   (2)    Folk Blends   (1)   Evidence of Activity    Pharmacodynamics  (53)    Animal Studies  (40)    Analytical Chemistry  (9)    Pharmacokinetics (ADME)  (0)    Genetics & Molecular Biology  (13)  Other Information    Pictures & Distribution Maps   (1)    Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology   (5)    Related Links   (5)   Dynamic Updates    Live PubMed Searches  (14)   History of Records    History of Record (1) EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) Clinical Trials   Clinical development plan: curcumin. NCI 1996   Curcuma longa Linn. in the treatment of gastric ulcer comparison to liquid antacid: a controlled clinical trial. Kositchaiwat 1993   10 healthy people, receiving 500 mg of curcumin per day for 7 days, had a decrease in serum lipid peroxides (33%), increase in HDL Cholesterol (29%), and a decrease in total serum cholesterol (11.63%). Soni 1992   Randomized, double-blind trial of 116 patients with dyspepsia found 87% improvement with Curcuma domestica vs. 53% in placebo group. Thamlikitkul 1989   An ethanol extract of turmeric or a curcumin ointment provided symptomatic relief in patients with external cancerous lesions. Only 1 of the 62 patients had an adverse reaction. Kuttan 1987   Phenylbutazone or curcumin provided better anti-inflammatory response than placebo. Satoskar 1986 Observational Studies/Case Reports   Submucous fibrosis patients orally taking 600 mg turmeric oil mixed with 3 gm turmeric ethanol extract per day for 3 months had decreased number of micronucleated cells both in exfoliated oral mucosal cells and in circulating lymphocytes Hastak 1997 Traditional and Folk Use   Ethnobotany of India brought attention to Commiphora (used as a hypolipidaemic agent), Picrorhiza (hepatoprotective), Bacopa (used as a brain tonic), Curcuma (antiinflammatory) and Asclepias (cardiotonic) Jain 1994   97% of cure rate for scabies in 814 people in 3 - 15 days of treatment with paste of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) Charles 1992          Turmeric in Mrs. M. Grieve's A Modern Herbal          Description of turmeric at King's American Dispensatory          European ethnobotanical information on turmeric at Liber Herbarum II WARNINGS   Contraindications No Records   Adverse Effects & Toxicity   0.2 or 1% of turmeric ethanol extract for 14 days to mice showed hepatotoxicity. Mice are more vulnerable to turmeric-induced hepatotoxicity than rats Deshpande 1998   Dietary turmeric (0.2%, 1.0%, 5.0%) or ethanol extract (0.05%, 0.25%) for 14 days, at doses reported to be cancer preventive, were found to be hepatotoxic in mice with coagulative necrosis and a zone of regenerating parenchymal cells Kandarkar 1998   Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to curcumin food colour in a pasta factory worker Kiec-Swierczynska 1998   Liver enzyme effects by 2% curcumin in the diet of female mice for 14 days: epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities double while EROD (preferentially catalyzed by P450 1A1) decreased Singh 1998   Allergic contact dermatitis from curcumin (turmeric). Hata 1997   Acute dosages of 0.5, 1.0, and 3 g/kg body weight and chronic dosage of 100 mg/kg/day of ethanolic extracts of the Curcuma longa rhizomes caused poor weight gain, changes in heart and lungs weights, fall in the WBC and RBC levels Qureshi 1992   Allergic contact dermatitis to Curcuma longa (turmeric). Goh 1987   Turmeric oleoresin to pigs at 60, 296 and 1551 mg/kg for 102-109 days increased weight of the liver and thyroid at all doses. The highest dose group had poor weight gain, pericholangitis, thyroid hyperplasia and epithelial changes in the kidney and bladder Bille 1985          Adverse events reports at the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition [FDA] Interactions   Curcumin decomposed 90% in 30 min (to trans-6-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2,4-dioxo-5-hexenal, vanillin, ferulic acid) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer and serum-free medium, pH 7.2, 37 C. Decomposition is fastest in neutral-basic pH, slower in blood Wang 1997 METHODS OF PREPARATION   Contemporary Standardized Methods   Extraction of light filth by isopropanol defatting followed by a direct flotation from 40% isopropanol with Tween 80-EDTA (1+1) and hot mineral oil Glaze 1975 Folk Methods No Records   FORMULAS/BLENDS   Contemporary Formulas   Piperine (inhibitor of glucuronidation metabolism) increased bioavailability (serum concentration) of oral curcumin by 154% by in rats and 2000% in humans Shoba 1998   Benzo[a]pyrene induced forestomach tumors in mice and nitrosamine induced oral tumors in hamsters are reduced by turmeric or catechin. Used together they were more effective than singly Azuine 1994 Folk Blends          Amrit Kalash   EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITY   Analytical Chemistry   Curcumin fluorescence is a broad band in acetonitrile (max = 524 nm), ethanol (549 nm) or micellar solution (557 nm) but has some structure in toluene (460, 488 nm). Curcumin produced singlet oxygen upon irradiation (> 400 nm) Chignell 1994   The arabinogalactan core of ukonan C includes a backbone chain of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose and beta-1,4-linked D-xylose. All of the galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of beta-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues Gonda 1993   Four curcuminoids were ineffective when applied independently but nematocidal activity increased remarkably when they were mixed, suggesting a synergistic action Kiuchi 1993   Ukonan D, MW 28,000, is composed of L-arabinose: D-galactose: D-glucose: D-mannose in the molar ratio of 1:1:12:0.2. It includes both alpha-1,5-linked L-arabino-beta-3,6-branched D-galactan type and alpha-4,6-branched D-glucan type structural units Gonda 1992   Turmerin a water soluble 5-kD 40 residue peptide is stable to trypsin and pepsin, heat, and UV. Ames assay indicates it is noncytotoxic up to milligram concentrations Srinivas 1992   Capillary GC-MS identified 9 sesquiterpenoids (curcumene, arturmerone, xanthorrhizol, germacrone, sesquiphellandrene, curzerenone, turmerone) 3 curcuminoids and a monoterpenoid (camphor) Uehara 1992   Germacrone from Curcuma xanthorrhiza is antiinflammatory in rats Ozaki 1990   Curcumin photodecomposition products and half-lives Tonnesen 1986          Nutrient table of Curcuma longa at the Food and Nutritional Information Center Pharmacodynamics   Copper catalyzes curcumin breakage of DNA. This is prevented by Cu(I) sequestering neocuproine or antioxidant catalase. Curcumin is also able to directly produce O2- and H2O2, and in the presence of Cu(II) produces OH Ahsan 1998   Curcumin inhibits HIV-1 integrase, possibly involving cinnamoyl residue C=C-C=O in a syn disposition, but fails to inhibit the HIV-1 multiplication in acutely infected MT-4 cells Artico 1998   Curcumin (diferuloylmethane or 1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione) at 10 - 100 nM inhibited Tat transactivation of HIV1-LTR lacZ by 70 to 80% in HeLa cells Barthelemy 1998   Curcumin, NDGA, NEM and CDNB react directly with the p50 subunit of NfkappaB. Curcumin and NDGA inhibit IkappaBalpha degradation activated by TNF-a. Brennan 1998   Curcumin doubles glutathione level in cells and prevents a decline induced by dexamethasone but not when BSO inhibitor is present Jaruga 1998   Curcumin (diferuoylmethane) accumulates in membranes (plasma membrane, ER and nuclear envelope) and causes typical apoptosis but there are some differences from dexamethasone induced apoptosis, e.g. DNA fragmentation Jaruga 1998   Curcumin induces p53 and apoptosis in human basal cell carcinoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The p53 increase is prevented by cycloheximide or actinomycin D or antisense oligonucleotide. Bcl2 and Bax are unchanged Jee 1998   Green tea EGCG blocked cell cycle in G1 while curcumin blocked in S/G2M; the combination was synergistic. Malignant oral epithelial cells are resistant to EGCG but not to curcumin Khafif 1998   Curcumin blocks TNF induced adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells and cell surface expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and ELAM-1 and inhibits NF-kB Kumar 1998   Turmeric (8, 12 or 16 mg/kg body weight) or curcumin (2, 4 or 8 mg/kg body weight) did not inhibit cyclophosphamide nor mitomycin induced clastogenicity Mukhopadhyay 1998   Trypanosoma brucei killed, in vitro, with LD50 of 4.77 microM of curcumin for bloodstream forms and 46.52 microM for procyclic forms Nose 1998   Fos-jun dimerization is inhibited by 7 nmol curcumin or 8 nmol nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) or 210 nmol dihidroguaiaretic acid (DHGA) Park 1998   Peroxidation of liver microsomes is decreased by an ethanol extract of Curcuma longa Quiles 1998   T-cell proliferation in PMA-CD28 and PHA stimulated groups is inhibited by curcumin, ED50 3.5 and 7.7 microM respectively. Apoptosis of PMA-CD28 treated cells was increased by curcumin at 10 microgram/ml Ranjan 1998   Bioassay directed fractionation of ethyl acetate extract found curcumin III that inhibits topoisomerase at 25 microgm/mL. labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16 dial inhibits Candida and kills mosquito larvae Roth 1998   Dibenzo pyrene-DNA adducts reduced strongly by ellagic acid, chlorophyllin, benzyl isocyanate, oltipraz or genistein and moderatly by linoleic acid, curcumin or BHT Smith 1998   Inhibitors of NF-kB, including vitamin E and curcumin, enhanced the differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells when combined with low levels of vitamin D3 Sokoloski 1998   Nitric oxide production by neuroglial cells suppressed the most (IC50 less than mM) by quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate, morin, curcumin, apigenin, sesamol, chlorogenic acid, fisetin, taxifolin, catechin, ellagic acid, and caffeic acid Soliman 1998   Arachidonic acid cascade inhibitors (indomethacin, curcumin, phenidone, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid, and 13-cisretinoic acid) caused dose-dependent growth inhibition of two squamous cell carcinoma lines Spingarn 1998   Adriamycin acute myocardial toxicity and creatine kinase are reduced by curcumin 200 mg/kg Venkatesan 1998   Curcumin (1,7-bis[4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl]-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione), inhibits biosynthesis of AP-1 and apoptosis of human leukemia U937 cells Watabe 1998   Glutathione (GSH) stimulation by Curcumin, DHEA, indole-3-carbinol or black tea extract were among the best of 62 compounds tested on hepatocytes White 1998   Ornithine decarboxylase inhibition by 61 compounds revealed curcumin and genistein to be among the best White 1998   Of 150 medicinal herbs turmeric was among the 6 best binders to progesterone and estradiol receptors in human breast cancer cells Zava 1998   Proliferation rate of HT-29 and HCT-15 human colon cancer cells was dose-dependently reduced by curcumin with accumulation in G2/M phase of the cell cycle and without apoptosis Hanif 1997   Curcumin inhibited dust mite-induced lymphocyte proliferation and production of IL-2, IL-5, GM-CSF, and IL-4 Kobayashi 1997   Human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells are induced to differentiate by 10 microM curcumin and synergized by 10-100 nM retinoic acid or 100 nM vitamin D3. Accumulation in G0/G1 cell phase was ween Liu 1997   HIV-1 integrase was inhibited by two curcumin analogs, dicaffeoylmethane and rosmarinic acid with IC50 below 10 microM Mazumder 1997   Curcuminoids (cassumunin A and cassumunin B) isolated from tropical ginger, Zingiber cassumunar at 100 nM to 3 microM dose-dependently prevented hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced decrease in viability of rat thymocytes more than curcumin Nagano 1997   Apoptosis (protective against the carcinogen azoxymethane) was increased by diet containing 2000 ppm of curcumin to rats Samaha 1997   Aflatoxin B1 induced mutagenesis (Salmonella assay) is inhibited by antioxidants: turmeric, curcumin, asafoetida, BHA, BHT and ellagic acid Soni 1997   Cytotoxicity and cytoprotective activities of natural compounds. The case of curcumin. Commandeur 1996   Ca(2+)- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition by curcumin [diferuloylmethane; 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione] (IC50 15 microM) is overcome by albumin Hasmeda 1996   Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity toward CDNB was inhibited by 25 microM curcumin in human IGR-39 melanoma cells Iersel 1996   Apoptosis of HL-60 cells was increased by curcumin as low as 3.5 micrograms/ml, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Effect was blocked by an endonuclease inhibitor ZnSO4 and proteinase inhibitor TLCK but not by cyclohexamide nor actinomycin Kuo 1996   IgE production by rat spleen lymphocytes is inhibited by curcumin, bixin, betanin, carthamus yellow and other natural food colorings Kuramoto 1996   Thymidine kinase and DNA synthesis are inhibited by curcumin in a dose-dependent manner in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, with accumulation in early S-phase, without significantly affecting the viability of the cells Singh 1996   Fungus is inhibited by turmeric oil at dilutions of 1:40-1:320 but not by curcumin Apisariyakul 1995   Curcumin, widely used in India for inflammation, found at 5 microM to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF and IL-1 by human monocytic macrophage cells Chan 1995   Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine phosphorylation is stimulated by EGF and inhibited by curcumin, dose dependently Korutla 1995   Curcumin is phototoxic to mammalian cells, using rat basophilic leukemia cells, oxygen is required. It photogenerates singlet oxygen and carbon-centered radicals Dahl 1994   Review of natural products for cancer: taxol, daidzein, acetyl boswellic acid, curcumin and ginsenosid Rh2 Han 1994   Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is inhibited by methanol extract of C. comosa; attributed to the diphenylheptanoids Jurgens 1994   Curcumin is a modest inhibitor of the HIV-1 (IC50 = 100 microM) and HIV-2 (IC50 = 250 microM) proteases and is potentiated by boron Sui 1993   12-HETE synthesis from arachidonic acid in young rat eye lens was inhibited by preincubating with 0.2 Mm curcumin Lysz 1991   At low concentrations curcumin protects against paracetamol-induced lipid peroxidation in rat hepatocytes. At higher concentration it lowers GSH and is slightly cytotoxic Donatus 1990   Apple pie spice, cinnamon, cloves, bay leaves, and turmeric increased insulin activity more than three-fold in the rat epididymal fat cell assay Khan 1990   When illuminated, curcumin exerted potent phototoxic effects in micromolar amounts to bacteria; oxygen is required Dahl 1989   Arachidonic acid (AA) induced platelet aggregation inhibited by ether extract of cumin and turmeric. Turmeric extract inhibited incorporation of AA into platelet phospholipids and deacylation of AA-labelled phospholipids Srivastava 1989   On irradiation with visible light, curcumin is phototoxic to Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, even at very low concentrations Tonnesen 1987   Turmeric and curcumin were not mutagenic in Salmonella assay and decreased the mutagenicity of chili extract and capsaicin Nagabhushan 1986   Curcumin and acetylsalicylic acid inhibited adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-, epinephrine (adrenaline)- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in monkey plasma. Curcumin did not decrease PGI2 so might be better for patients prone to vascular thrombosis Srivastava 1986   AP-1 and NF-kB activation by IL1a and TNFa are blocked by curcumin in bone marrow cells Xu 1997-98 Pharmacokinetics (ADME) No Records   Genetics & Molecular Biology   Curcumin (10(-6)-10(-4) M) on rat aortic smooth muscle cells caused less thymidine incorporation, c-myc, and Bcl-2, fewer cells in S phase, and increased G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis Chen 1998   Curcumin caused a rapid accumulation of cytochrome P450 1A1 and competitively inhibited CYP1A1 activity in DMBA-treated MCF-7 cells Ciolino 1998   Tumeric extract lowers cholesterol, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities and protects against carbon tetrachloride induced increases in these Deshpande 1998   Glial cell monoamine oxidase (implicated in nerve damage) is inhibited by curcumin Mazzio 1998   Curcumin-treated endothelial cells had decreased gelatinolytic activities of secreted 53- and 72-kDa metalloproteinases, believed to have a role in angiogenesis Thaloor 1998   Farnesyl protein transferase is inhibited by curcumin and gallotannin, which might affect isoprenylation activation of ras proteins Chen 1997   Curcumin at 20 microM for 15 min inhibited TPA-induced PKC activity but does not provide reverting effect which apigenin, kaempferol, and genistein provide; review Lin 1997   Several breast tumor cell lines are inhibited by curcumin, arrested in G2/S phase of the cell cycle. Effect correlates with dose and decline of ornithine decarboxylase. No change in Bcl-2, p53, cyclin B and transglutaminase Mehta 1997   Helicobacter pylori virulence correlates with increased IL-8 which depends on NF-kB activation. Curcumin inhibits NF-kB and IL-8 induction by H. pylori Munzenmaier 1997   Apoptosis of colorectal carcinoma cells was delayed by 60 microM curcumin. Lower levels of Ca(+2)-dependent endonuclease and HSP70 and p53 were seen Chen 1996   Tat-mediated LTR-driven transactivation inhibited by the protein kinase C inhibitors curcumin and staurosporine and by arachidonic acid inhibitors quinacrine and chloroquine Jiang 1996   Curcumin, 0.1 mM, inhibited phosphorylase kinase 98%, pp60c-src tyrosine kinase 40%, protein kinases C 15% pkA 10%, autophosphorylation kinase 1%, protamine kinase 0.5% Reddy 1994   Curcumine inhibited 5-lipoxygenase activity in rat peritoneal neutrophils and 12-lipoxygenase & cyclooxygenase activities in human platelets Ammon 1993 Animal Studies   Weight gain of chicks during Eimeria maxima coccidiosis infection improved with 1% tumeric in diet Allen 1998   Low level of curcumin (92 ng/g of body weight) reduced LPS induced nitric oxide synthase in livers by 50-70%. Macrophage production of iNOS mRNA was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by1-20 microM of curcumin Chan 1998   DMAB induced mammary tumors were reduced by turmeric or ethanol extract Deshpande 1998   2% curcumin diet reduced DMBA induced lymphomas/leukemias by 53% but mammary tumors unchanged Huang 1998   Preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci induced by DMH in mice were reduced by 0.01% fucoxanthin, 0.05% lutein or 0.5% tetrahydro-curcumin but not by 0.5% curcumin Kim 1998   Turmeric and/or curcumin in hamster diet and/or applied locally for 14 weeks along with DMBA reduced DNA adducts and tumors Krishnaswamy 1998   Glutathione S-transferase (GST) induced by CDNB was greatest (1.5 fold) in rats fed 25-50 mg/kg curcumin and less at 1 or 500 mg/kg levels Piper 1998   Pretreatment with the bioflavonoids, quercetin or curcumin, reduce ischemia-reperfusion damage to kidneys Shoskes 1998   Curcumin (difeurloylmethane) from Curcuma rhizomes gave faster closure of wounds and increased collagen, TGF-B1 and fibronectin Sidhu 1998   Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) and dibenzoylmethane were the most effective beta-diketones to induce quinone reductase in Hepa cells but only the latter prevented DMBA-DNA adducts in female rats Singletary 1998   Kidney damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats was reduced by 0.5% curcumin in the diet for 8 weeks Suresh Babu 1998   Cholesterol, mainly LDL, and triglycerides were lowered by a 0.5% curcumin diet for 8 weeks in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Hepatic cholesterol-7a-hydroxylase activity was markedly higher suggesting greater catabolism Babu 1997   Gp A72, a glycoprotein that precedes inflammation in arthritic rats, is inhibited by curcurmin by 73% or capsaicin 88% Joe 1997   1% curcumin diet reduced DMBA induced tumors in mice Limtrakul 1997   Curcuma comosa root extract to mice decreased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol but increased liver triglyceride content, suggesting increased mobilization of cholesterol from peripheral tissues into liver for bile excretion Piyachaturawat 1997   Antibody IgG increased in rats eating 40 mg/kg curcumin but not at lower levels South 1997   Bleomycin chemotherapy oxidative and inflammatory enzyme markers are reduced by curcumin in rats Venkatesan 1997   Mutagenesis induced by 2-acetamidofluorene (2-AAF) inhibited 87.6% curcumin III (bis-(p-hydroxycinnamoyl)methane) (100 microgm/plate), 70.5% by curcumin II (feruloyl-p-hydroxycinnamoylmethane), 68.3% by curcumin I (diferuloylmethane) Anto 1996   Lens of the eye had higher glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozyme rGST8-8 and greater resistance to 4-HNE induced opacity after 2 weeks of 75 mg curcumin/kg in diet of rats Awasthi 1996   Isoproterenol induced changes in creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and electrocardiography are reduced by curcumin at 200 mg/Kg orally Nirmala 1996   Dietary curcumin, capsaicin (0.5%), piperine and ginger enhanced intestinal lipase activity and the disaccharidases sucrase and maltase in rats Platel 1996   DMBA induced mammary tumors in rats decreased by 100 mg/kg curcumin (i.p.) without significant enhancement of liver glutathione-S-transferase activity Singletary 1996   Lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and lung collagen hydroxyproline induced by radiation was reduced by antioxidants curcumin, ellagic acid, bixin or alpha-tocopherol at 200 mumole/kg rat body weight Thresiamma 1996   Carbon tetrachloride activation by CYP2E1 and liver necrosis in mice is inhibited by isosafrole, safrole, dihydrosafrole, and benzodioxole but not by piperonyl butoxide, eugenol, isoeugenol, sesamol nor curcumin Zhao 1996   Ischemia induced damage was reduced by pretreatment with the antioxidants curcumin (100 mg/kg, ip) or quinidine (1 mg/kg, iv) in cats Dikshit 1995   Liver damage and serum transaminases induced by acetaminophen or carbon tetrachloride are reduced by C. xanthorrhiza Lin 1995   Mother's milk can pass turmeric and curcumin effects of increased hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 to mice pups Singh 1995   Cyclophosphamide induced lung injury is modulated by curcumin pretreatment for a week in rats Venkatesan 1995   Bile protein fractions from rats fed curcumin or capsaicin were less able to nucleate cholesterol crystal growth in model bile and had higher affinity for wheat germ agglutinin and Helix pomatia lectin than for Con-A lectin Hussain 1994   Retinol deficienty increases brain ATPase and decreases the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid in rats. These are normailzed by turmeric Kaul 1994   Azoxymethane-induced ornithine decarboxylase, tyrosine protein kinase, arachidonic acid metabolism and aberrant crypt foci formation in the rat colon are inhibited by dietary curcumin Rao 1993   Curcuma xanthorrhiza decreased serum triglycerides and phospholipids, and liver cholesterol and fatty acid synthase, and increased serum HDL-cholesterol and apo A-I in rats Yasni 1993   ar-turmerone neutralized both the hemorrhagic activity present in Bothrops jararaca venom, and the lethal effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom in mice and inhibited the proliferation and natural killer activity of human lymphocytes Ferreira 1992   Feeding a lithogenic diet supplemented with 0.5 per cent curcumin for 10 weeks reduced the incidence of gall-stone formation to 26 per cent, as compared to 100 % in controls. Bile cholesterol was also reduced Hussain 1992   Curcumins inhibit cancer at initiation (DMBA), promotion (TPA) and progression (cytotoxicity) stages of development Nagabhushan 1992   Pungent spice compounds, piperine, mustard oil, eugenol and curcumin all dose-dependently contracted the rat bladder and antagonized the similar action by capsaicin Patacchini 1990   Aqueous drops of Curcuma delayed healing of superficial corneal and delayed healing of penetrating corneal wounds and reduced the tensile strength of corneal wounds when compared with placebo and preservative drops Mehra 1984   Turmeric root powder, containing 0.6% curcumin, is anti-inflammatory in carrageenin-induced rat paw edema Mukhopadhyay 1982   Glucuronides of tetrahydrocurcumin and hexahydrocurcumin are the major biliary metabolites of curcumin in rats Holder 1978   With 400, 80 or 10 mg of labeled [3H]curcumin, 60-66% is assimilated, most is eliminated within 72 h via feces but for the highest dose considerable amounts of the label was present in the tissues 12 days later Ravindranath 1981-82 OTHER INFORMATION   Pictures & Distribution Maps          Drawing of turmeric's rhisome and stem at Michael Moore's Cultivation, Conservation & Ecology   Fertilization to maximize yield [Article in Chinese] Li 1996   Effect of organic fertilizer and mineral fertilizer on the tuber yield of Curcuma longa L [Article in Chinese] Li 1996   Studies on the cultivation of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). I. Varietal differences in rhizome yield and curcuminoid content [Article in Japanese] Aoi 1986          Short description of turmeric at NewCROP          Distribution map and other info in the PLANTS National Database Related Links          Info (in separate PDF file) at Culbreth's Materia Medica          Curcuma longa info at herbweb.com          Search for Curcuma longa in Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Phytochem and Ethnobot DB          Potter's Compend of Materia Medica          Curcume longa in The HortiPlex Plant Database DYNAMIC UPDATES   Live PubMed Searches   Curcuma and Analytical Chemistry   Curcuma and Animal Studies   Curcuma and Case Reports   Curcuma and Clinical Trials   Curcuma and Drug Interactions   Curcuma and Ethnobotanical Use   Curcuma and Genetics   Curcuma and In Vitro Studies   Curcuma and Pharmacokinetics   Curcuma and Reference Standards   Curcuma and Therapeutic Activity   Curcuma and Tissue Culture   Curcuma and Toxicology   Curcuma Preparations and Formulary   HISTORY OF RECORD RESEARCHED BY: Soaring Bear, Ph.D.     RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Jackie Wootton, M.Ed. and Michael C. Tims, PhD. ca    June 2001   BACK TO HOME

HerbMed® is copyrighted © 1998 by the Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved.

SUBSCRIBE:  The Wednesday Letter is a free electronic monthly newsletter written and published by Karl Loren.  You can view more than 50 back issues of this publication by clicking here.  The Wednesday Letter subscription list is maintained on a secure server, no name is ever given or sold to anyone, and it is never used except for this Newsletter.  It is automatically published on the Tuesday night just before the first Wednesday of every month.  You can subscribe to this free monthly electronic letter by entering your eMail address and name below.  You will then automatically receive a request for confirmation, sent to whatever address you have entered.  If you do NOT receive this confirmation request, then you will not be subscribed.  There may have been an error with your address and you should resubmit.  The letter is never sent twice to the same address -- so you do not have to worry about a duplicate subscription.  When you receive this confirmation request you must reply to it, or your subscription will not become active.  No one can subscribe your name, and address, without you being notified, and if you get an unwanted notice of subscription you only need to DO NOTHING and the subscription will NOT be active.

REMOVAL:  You can remove yourself from the subscription list in several different ways.  Click here to read about this entire newsletter system.  Every edition of The Wednesday Letter is delivered to your address with YOUR name and address in view on the letter, with a link that allows you to remove THAT name from the subscription list.  If you try to send this removal message from an address different from the one you used to send in your original confirmation, then you will get a warning notice first, sent to the subscription address, asking you to confirm that you want to be removed from the list -- by replying to THAT request for confirmation, you will then be automatically removed.  Thus, no one else can unsubscribe you, from some other computer, without your knowledge.  But, if you send in the unsubscribe notice from the same machine used to receive the Letter, then the removal from the subscription list is automatic.

Personal Message:  When you send a personal message to Karl Loren, you will receive a personal reply as per his instructions.  Karl pledges that every personal message will get a personal answer. When you provide your mail address, we will send you free information including our free catalog and a cassette tape lecture by Karl Loren about heart disease, no charge, by mail, even if outside the US.  You can select particular information you would like to receive, along with the free cassette tape and catalog.