To understand what "methyl" means, click here to jump to that section.
A.) Definition--carbon containing compounds, predominate in living organisms
1.) Hydrocarbons--organic compounds containing both hydrogen and carbon (e.g. methane CH4).
a.) Hydrocarbon Structure
1.) linear (aliphatic, eg. glycerol)
2.) circular (aromatic, eg. cholesterol)
3.) saturated (no C=C, eg. palmitic acid)
4.) unsaturated (one or more C=C, eg. oleic acid)
b.) Hydrocarbon Properties
1.) flammable
2.) oil
3.) do not mix well with water
A.)Definition--organic molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
B.)Types of Isomers
1.)Structural Isomers--variation in covalent bond arrangements, eg.: Leucine vs. Isoleucine.
Leucine vs. Isoleucine
2.)Geometric Isomers-due to inflexibility of the C=C, variation in arrangement around a double bond, eg.: cis- vs. trans-.
Cis vs. Trans
3.)Optical Isomers-occur when an asymmetric carbon is attached to four different atoms or molecules, eg.: L-amino acid vs. D-amino acid. (L=laevus-left handed-used by cells, D=dexter, right handed-rarely used by cells).
L-Alanine vs. D-Alanine
III.)Functional Groups
A.)Definition--atoms or groups of atoms covalently bonded to the carbon skeleton influencing the properties and reactivities of the organic molecules to which they are attached.
B.)Types
1.)Carboxyl Group--acidic group, ionizes to COO- and H+ to decrease pH of solt'n eg. acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid, malic acid.
2.)Carbonyl Group--characteristic functional group of a carbohydrate, if at end of molecule called an aldose, if in middle of molecule called a ketone eg. glucose, fructose, etc.
Aldose vs. Ketone
3.)Alcohol (-OH) Group--due to difference in charge placement, this functional group confers polarity to molecule, makes molecule easily soluble in water eg. Sugars and alcohols ethanol--small alcohols are soluble in water but large ones are not because of long hydrocarbon chain.
4.)Amine Group--can act as base by accepting protons eg. amino acids, amine groups + carboxyl group on amino acid forms peptide bond (general form).
5.)Sulfhydryl Group(-HS)--very reactive group, two -HS groups can bond to form an -S-S- bridge to stabilize protein secondary structure, sometimes found in active sites of enzymes.
6.)Phosphate Group (-OPO3-2)--important in high energy compounds such as ATP (creates high energy between phosphates on ATP and thus gives ATP molecule a "ton" of energy) and in DNA and RNA.
Return to HOME page.
Go to GLOSSARY.
Go to CHEMICAL BONDING.
Go to WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.
Go to ACIDS, BASES, pH, AND BUFFERS.
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