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| EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY
(HUMAN DATA) |
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Traditional and Folk Use
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Withania somnifera, widely used for many
clinical conditions in India, improved rat swimming tests
Archana 1999 |
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106 Israeli healers indicate that of the
Solanaceae family, only Lycium europeaum, Solanum nigrum,
Hyoscyamus are much used and that Datura, Mandragora & Withania
have been largely abandoned
Dafni 1994 |
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Analytical Chemistry
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Withanolides identified in Dunalia brachyacantha
Silva 1999 |
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Two new withanolides (steroidal lactones),
coagulin F
[27-hydroxy-14,20-epoxy-1-oxo-(22R)-witha-3,5,24-trienolide] and
coagulin G
[17beta,27-dihydroxy-14,20-epoxy-1-oxo-(22R)-witha-2,5,
24-trienolide] from Withania coagulans whole plant
Atta-ur-Rahman 1998 |
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Two antifungal withanolides: 14,15 B-epoxywithanolide
I [(20S,22R) 17 B, 20 B-dihydroxy-14 B,15
B-epoxy-1-oxo-witha-3,5,24-trienolide] & 17 B-hydroxywithanolide
K (20S,22R) 14 a,17 B,20
B-trihydroxy-1-oxo-witha-2,5,24-trienolide] from W. coagulance
Choudhary 1995 |
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Withanolides, alkaloids, 18 fatty acids, beta-sitesterol,
polyphenols and phytosterols in Withania somnifera
Elsakka 1990 |
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Withaferin A was dehydrogenated to inactive
4-dehydrowithaferin A by Arthrobacter
Fuska 1987 |
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"Hydrolysis of withaferin A-4,27-diacetate " (no
abstract)
Proksa 1986 |
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Withaferin-A is transformed to 15 beta-hydroxywithaferin-A
& 12 beta-hydroxy-withaferin-A by Cunninghamella elegans
Fuska 1982 |
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14-alpha-Hydroxylation of withaferin-A by
Cunninghamella elegans
Rosazza 1978 |
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"High-pressure liquid chromatography of
derivatives and microbial metabolites of withaferin-A " (no
abstract)
Gustafson 1977 |
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"Variations in the antitumour constituents of
withania somnifera dunal " (no abstract)
Chakraborti 1974 |
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"A phytochemical investigation of Withania
somnifera tissue cultures " (no abstract)
Yu 1974 |
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"A C28-steroidlacton from the roots of Withania
somnifera " (German, no abstract)
Menssen 1973 |
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"Tumor inhibitors. XXXIX. Active principles of
Acnistus arborescens. Isolation and structural and spectral
studies of withaferin A and withacnistin " (no abstract)
Kupchan 1969 |
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Pharmacodynamics
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Bone marrow stem cell survival to 2 Gy whole
body gamma irradiation was improved by Ocimum sanctum leaf
aqueous extract, 10 mg/kg ip; whereas withaferin (steroid
lactone) and plumbagin (naphthoquinone) reduced stem cell
survival
Ganasoundari 1997 |
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Radiation killing of V79 cells was enhanced by
Withaferin A at microM levels, which induced a G2/M block
Devi 1996 |
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V79 Chinese hamster cells are sensitized to
radiation by Ashwagandha
Devi 1996 |
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Differentiation of HL60 cells was induced by
sitoindoside, genkwanin & lariciresinol with ED50 of 0.069, 1.1
& 18.3 microM, respectively
Suh 1995 |
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"Contributions to the pharmacodynamic study of
roots of Withania somnifera. Note III: Testing of analgesic
activity of dichlormethanic and methanolic extract from Withania
somnifera roots " (no abstract)
Sakka Mazen 1990 |
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Review of anti-inflammatory activity of Withania
Elsakka 1989 |
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"Activation of peritoneal macrophages by
sitoindoside-IV, an anti-ulcerogenic acylsterylglycoside from
Musa paradisiaca " (no abstract)
Chattopadhyay 1987 |
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"Pharmacological studies on leaves of Withania
somnifera " (no abstract)
Sudhir 1986 |
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Of 9 Withania derivatives, most potent
cytotoxicity was by 4-dehydrowithaferin A & withaferin A
diacetate; apparently requiring a double bond at C2-3.
Dissociation of the C24-25 double bond or removing the C27 OH
did not affect activity
Fuska 1984 |
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"Influence of an Indian medicine (Ashwagandha)
on acute-phase reactants in inflammation " (no abstract)
Anbalagan 1981 |
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"Antimicrobial activities of some antineoplastic
and other withanolides " (no abstract)
Chatterjee 1980 |
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Immunosuppression of human B & T lymphocytes and
mice thymocytes by at low concentrations withaferin A &
withanolide E
Shohat 1978 |
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"Pharmacological investigations on fruits of
Withania coagulans " (no abstract)
Budhiraja 1977 |
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Spindle microtubules of cells in metaphase were
affected by withaferin A. No intact pole-to-pole microtubules or
pole-to-kinetochore microtubules found in these normal human
peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin
Shohat 1976 |
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Spindle microtubules in metaphase and membranes
of the cells in interphase were affected by withaferin A in
study of mouse sarcoma solid & ascites tumors
Shohat 1976 |
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"Mode of action of Withaferin A and Withanolide
D " (no abstract)
Chowdhury 1975 |
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"Inhibition of immunologically induced
inflammation by the plant steroid withaferin A " (German, no
abstract)
Fugner 1973 |
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"Effect of withaferin A on cells in tissue
culture " (no abstract)
Shohat 1973 |
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"Antimitotic properties of withaferin A in
tissue culture " (Hebrew, no abstract)
Shohat 1972 |
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"Effect of withaferin A on ehrlich ascites tumor
cells. II. Target tumor cell destruction in vivo by immune
activation " (no abstract)
Shohat 1971 |
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"The effect of Withaferin A on plant cells " (no
abstract)
Shohat 1971 |
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"Effect of withaferin A on Ehrlich ascites tumor
cells--cytological observations " (no abstract)
Shohat 1970 |
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"Studies on Withania ashwagandha Kaul. VI. The
effect of the alkaloidal fractions (acetone, alcohol and water
soluble) on the central nervous system " (no abstract)
Prasad 1968 |
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"Antitumor activity of withaferin A (NSC-101088)
" (no abstract)
Shohat 1967 |
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"Studies on Withania ashwagandha, Kaul. IV. The
effect of total alkaloids on the smooth muscles " (no abstract)
Malhotra 1965 |
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"Studies on Withania-ashwagandha, Kaul. V. The
effect of total alkaloids (ashwagandholine) on the central
nervous system " (no abstract)
Malhotra 1965 |
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"Mechanism of antibacterial action of antibiotic
isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera. I. Reaction between
the antibiotic & glutathione " (no abstract)
Das 1964 |
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Genetics & Molecular Biology
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"On the trial cultivation of Withania somnifera
DUNAL. 3. Fertilizer experiment of the three essential nutrients
" (Japanese, no abstract)
Kawatani 1969 |
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"On the trial cultivation of Withania somnifera
Dunal. II. Effect of sowing season on the growth and root yield
" (Japanese, no abstract)
Kawatani 1968 |
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Animal Studies
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Cyclophosphamide induced urotoxicity was
prevented by Withania (20 mg/animal; i.p. for 5 days).
Associated with the protection were lower blood protein & BUN
and higher bladder glutathione
Davis 2000 |
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Heart weight, glycogen content & swimming time
increased in rats given Ashwagandha. It also increased
strophanthin-K induced contractility, coagulation time &
catecholamine in heart tissue. No toxicity was seen at 100
mg/kg; p.o. for 180 days
Dhuley 2000 |
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Corticosterone of adrenal gland increased in
mice given Trichopus zeylanicus & Panax ginseng but not Withania
somnifera
Singh 2000 |
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Interferon gamma, IL-2 & Granulocyte macrophage
colony stimulating factor increased and TNF-a decreased in mice
given Withania root extract
Davis 1999 |
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Thyroxine (T4) & hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase
increased and liver lipid peroxidation was decreased by Withania
root extract, 1.4 g/kg in mice
Panda 1999 |
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Tinospora, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica,
Withania, Piper longum & Terminalia protect against biological,
physical & chemical stressors but problems in evaluation of
adaptogens have precluded their inclusion as clinically useful
drugs
Rege 1999 |
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Cyclophosphamide induced leucopenia was reduced
by Withania in mice: white cell count was 6120 vs. 3720
cells/mm3, bone marrow cellularity was 13 vs. 8 Mcells, alpha
esterase cell # was 1130 vs. 687. So Withania is useful for
cancer therapy
Davis 1998 |
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Aspergillus fumigatus infected mice had longer
survival with Ashwagandha, 100 mg/kg/d for 7 days, apparently
related to increased phagocytosis & intracellular killing of
peritoneal macrophages
Dhuley 1998 |
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LPS induced lipid peroxidation was reduced by
Ashwagandha (100 mg/kg) in rabbits & mice
Dhuley 1998 |
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Root extract @1.4 g/kg for 20 days to mice
increased liver superoxide dismutase, glucose-6-phosphatase &
catalase and increased serum 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) &
tetraiodothyronine (T4)
Panda 1998 |
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Streptozotocin diabetes and beta cell oxidation
in rats was reduced by Transina (Ayurvedic mix of Withania
somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Eclipta alba, Ocimum sanctum,
Picrorrhiza kurroa & shilajit), 200 mg/kg, p.o.
Bhattacharya 1997 |
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Glycowithanolides of W. somnifera (10 & 20
mg/kg/d, i.p.), for 21 days, induced a dose-related increase in
SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity in rat brain;
comparable to the benefit of deprenyl
Bhattacharya 1997 |
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Asparagus racemosus, Tinospora cordifolia,
Withania somnifera & Picrorhiza kurrooa inhibited ochratoxin-induced
suppression of chemotactic activity and production of IL-1 & TNF-alpha
by macropahges in mice
Dhuley 1997 |
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Morphine (10 mg/kg) tolerance and withdrawal was
reduced by Withania root extract (100 mg/kg)
Kulkarni 1997 |
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Ulcers & gastric secretion induced in rats were
decreased by Withafastuosin E from Datura fastuosa
Maiti 1997 |
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Decreased lipid peroxidation and increased
superoxide dismutase and catalase in mice given Ashwagandha root
powder (0.7 or 1.4 g/kg/d), for 30 days
Panda 1997 |
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M1-muscarinic binding of brain cells was
increased by Sitoindosides VII-X & withaferin-A but no effect on
GABAA & benzodiazepine receptor binding nor NMDA & AMPA
glutamate receptors
Schliebs 1997 |
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Increases in bone marrow cellularity and total
WBC count and reduced leucopenia induced by gamma radiation in
mice
Kuttan 1996 |
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Tumor growth was inhibited and survival
increased by Withaferin, especially when combined with
radiation. Best effect was with 2 fractions of 30 mg/kg each.
Acute LD50 for withaferin A in Swiss mice is around 80 mg/kg
Sharad 1996 |
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Cyclophosphamide, azathioprin, or prednisolone
induced myelosuppression was prevented by Ashwagandha in mice.
Red cells, white cells, platelets & body weight were increased
Ziauddin 1996 |
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Ehrlich ascites carcinoma treated with 10-60
mg/kg i.p. withaferin A improved survival of mice. When given
before irradiation it synergistically increased survival even in
advanced tumors
Devi 1995 |
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Swimming time and weights of the levator ani
muscle were increased in mice by Ashwagandha or Ginseng
Grandhi 1994 |
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Cyclophosphamide induced leukopenia was
alleviated by Brahma Rasayana and Ashwagandha/Rasayana in mice
Praveenkumar 1994 |
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18, 38 or 45% complete response of sarcoma in
mice by Ashwagandha (500 mg/kg i.p.), radiation (10 Gy) or
hyperthermia (43C for 30 min). Ashwagandha increased the benefit
of radiation & heat
Devi 1993 |
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Antiinflammatory activity was seen in methanolic
fractions of Withania aerial parts in rats, comparable to a 5
mg/kg dose of hydrocortisone; probably due to the steroids,
notably withaferin A
al-Hindawi 1992 |
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Complete regression of sarcoma in mice by
Withania root extract was seen above the 400 mg/kg/d dose for 15
days. The 1000 mg/kg/d level produced some mortality
Devi 1992 |
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CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity is reduced by 10
mg/kg withaferin A in rats, comparable to hydrocortisone
Sudhir 1992 |
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GABA binding was inhibited 20% by 5 microgm
Withania root extract and completely by 1 mg. the extract
increased Cl influx, which was blocked by bicuculline &
picrotoxin; and enhanced by diazepam
Mehta 1991 |
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Anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced
paw edema test: Withania somnifera > Apium graveolens > Achillea
santolina > Matricaria chamomilla > Myrtus communis
Al-Hindawi 1989 |
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"Long term effect of herbal drug Withania
somnifera on adjuvant induced arthritis in rats " (no abstract)
Begum 1988 |
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Granulation tissue of carrageenin-induced air
pouch granuloma had decreased incorporation of 35S and decreased
succinate dehydrogenase activity when Withania was used
Begum 1987 |
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Blood pressure fell in dogs with 5 mg/kg of a
withanolide from Withania coagulans fruits (blocked by atropine,
not by mepyramine or propranolol). The compound is similar to
the aglycones of cardiac glycosides, MW=488 6, m. p.=260
Budhiraja 1983 |
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Jejunal absorption of glucose, which is lowered
by formalin induced inflammation, is maintained when rats are
pretreated with Withania or oxyphenbutazone
Somasundaram 1983 |
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Jejunal absorption of leucine, which is lowered
by formalin induced inflammation, is maintained when rats are
pretreated with Withania or oxyphenbutazone
Somasundaram 1983 |
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"On the central effect of different Withania-extracts
after oral applications to animals " (German, no abstract)
Fontaine 1976 |
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| HISTORY
OF RECORD |
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| RESEARCHED BY: Soaring
Bear, Ph. D. 1998 |
| RESEARCH UPDATED BY: Michael
C. Tims, Ph. D. cand. 2001 |
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