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NLM database Documents
Record 1 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- 1H NMR determination of urinary betaine in patients with premature
vascular disease and mild homocysteinemia.
- Author
- Lundberg P; Dudman NP; Kuchel PW; Wilcken DE
- Address
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Source
- Clin Chem, 1995 Feb, 41:2, 275-83
- Abstract
- Urinary N,N,N-trimethylglycine (betaine) and N,N-dimethylglycine
(DMG) have been identified and quantified for clinical purposes by
proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) measurement in previous
studies. We have assessed these procedures by using both
one-dimensional (1-D) and 2-D NMR spectroscopy, together with pH
titration of urinary extracts to help assign 1H NMR spectral peaks.
The betaine calibration curve linearity was excellent (r = 0.997, P
= 0.0001) over the concentration range 0.2-1.2 mmol/L, and CVs for
replicate betaine analyses ranged from 7% (n = 10) at the lowest
concentration to 1% (n = 9) at the highest. The detection limit for
betaine was < 15 mumol/L. Urinary DMG concentrations were
substantially lower than those of betaine. Urinary betaine and DMG
concentrations measured by 1H NMR spectroscopy from 13 patients with
premature vascular disease and 17 normal controls provided
clinically pertinent data. We conclude that 1H NMR provides unique
advantages as a research tool for determination of urinary betaine
and DMG concentrations.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 95179851
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Betaine|*UR; Homocysteine|*BL; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance|*;
Vascular Diseases|*UR
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors|UR; Creatinine|UR;
Glycine|UR; Human; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Regression
Analysis; Sarcosine|AA/UR; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0009-9147
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Osmoregulation in Klebsiella pneumoniae: enhancement of anaerobic
growth and nitrogen fixation under stress by proline betaine, gamma-butyrobetaine,
and other related compounds.
- Author
- Le Rudulier D; Bernard T; Goas G; Hamelin J
- Address
-
- Source
- Can J Microbiol, 1984 Mar, 30:3, 299-305
- Abstract
- Exogenous proline betaine ( stachydrine or N- dimethylproline ) or
gamma-butyrobetaine (gamma-trimethylaminobutyrate), at a
concentration as low as 1 mM, were found to stimulate the growth
rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae, wild type M5A1 , in media of
inhibitory osmotic strength (0.8 M NaC1). Simultaneously, nitrogen
fixation by whole cells, a process particularly sensitive to osmotic
stress, was strongly enhanced by these compounds. However, in the
absence of sodium chloride, both the growth and nitrogen fixation
were not affected by the addition of the methylammonium derivatives
in the medium. The sensitivity of the nitrogen fixation to osmotic
stress was used as a bioassay to evaluate the potentiality of
osmoprotective compound in relation to the number of methyl groups
on the nitrogen atom of glycine, proline, and gamma-aminobutyrate.
Experiments with sarcosine ( monomethylglycine ), dimethylglycine,
and glycine betaine ( trimethylglycine ), or experiments with mono-
and di- methylproline or gamma-mono-, gamma-di, gamma-tri-
methylaminobutyrate , indicated that the greatest stress tolerance
was always obtained with the more N-methylated compounds.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 84205133
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Betaine|*AA/PD; Klebsiella pneumoniae|*DE/GD/ME; Proline|*AA/PD;
Water-Electrolyte Balance|*DE
- MeSH Heading
- Anaerobiosis; Human; Nitrogen Fixation|DE; Nitrogenase|ME; Osmolar
Concentration; Stimulation, Chemical; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0008-4166
- Country of Publication
- CANADA
Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Betaine-containing toothpaste relieves subjective symptoms of dry
mouth.
- Author
- Söderling E; Le Bell A; Kirstilä V; Tenovuo J
- Address
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland.
- Source
- Acta Odontol Scand, 1998 Apr, 56:2, 65-9
- Abstract
- Subjects with dry mouth often experience irritation of the oral
mucosa when using sodium lauryl sulfate containing products for oral
hygiene. Betaine, or trimethylglycine, reduces skin-irritating
effects of ingredients of cosmetics such as sodium lauryl sulfate.
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a betaine-containing
toothpaste with a regular toothpaste on the oral microbial flora,
the condition of the oral mucosa, and subjective symptoms of dry
mouth in subjects with chronic dry mouth symptoms. Thirteen subjects
with chronic dry mouth symptoms and with a paraffin-stimulated
salivary flow rate < or = 1 mL/min participated in the
double-blind crossover study. Ten subjects had a very low salivary
flow rate (< or = 0.6 mL/min). The subjects used both
experimental toothpastes (with or without 4% betaine) twice a day
for 2 weeks. Oral examinations and microbiologic sample collections
were made at the base lines preceding the two experimental periods
and at the end. Standardized questions on subjective symptoms of dry
mouth were used when the subjects were interviewed at the end of the
two experimental periods. No study-induced significant changes were
observed in the microbiologic variables (plaque index, mutans
streptococci, lactobacilli, Candida species) or in the appearance of
the oral mucosa. The use of the betaine-containing toothpaste was,
however, associated with a significant relief of several subjective
symptoms of dry mouth. Betaine appears thus to be a promising
ingredient of toothpastes in general and especially of toothpastes
designed for patients with dry mouth.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 98332118
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Betaine|PD/*TU; Toothpaste|*; Wetting Agents|PD/*TU; Xerostomia|*DT
- MeSH Heading
- Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Candida|DE; Chi-Square
Distribution; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Over Studies;
Double-Blind Method; Female; Human; Lactobacillus|DE; Male; Middle
Age; Mouth Mucosa|DE; Salivation|DE; Secretory Rate|DE; Sodium
Dodecyl Sulfate|AE; Streptococcus mutans|DE; Surface-Active
Agents|AE; Treatment Outcome
- Publication Type
- CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0001-6357
- Country of Publication
- NORWAY
Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase--a new assay for the liver
enzyme and its absence from human skin fibroblasts and peripheral
blood lymphocytes.
- Author
- Wang JA; Dudman NP; Lynch J; Wilcken DE
- Address
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Prince Henry Hospital,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
- Source
- Clin Chim Acta, 1991 Dec, 204:1-3, 239-49
- Abstract
- Chronic elevation of plasma homocysteine is associated with
increased atherogenesis and thrombosis, and can be lowered by
betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) treatment which is thought to
stimulate activity of the enzyme betaine:homocysteine
methyltransferase. We have developed a new assay for this enzyme, in
which the products of the enzyme-catalysed reaction between betaine
and homocysteine are oxidised by performic acid before being
separated and quantified by amino acid analysis. This assay
confirmed that human liver contains abundant betaine:homocysteine
methyltransferase (33.4 nmol/h/mg protein at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4).
Chicken and lamb livers also contain the enzyme, with respective
activities of 50.4 and 6.2 nmol/h/mg protein. However,
phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes
and cultured human skin fibroblasts contained no detectable
betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase (less than 1.4 nmol/h/mg
protein), even after cells were pre-cultured in media designed to
stimulate production of the enzyme. The results emphasize the
importance of the liver in mediating the lowering of elevated
circulating homocysteine by betaine.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 92306342
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Fibroblasts|*EN; Liver|*EN; Lymphocytes|*EN; Methyltransferases|*AN/ME;
Skin|*EN
- MeSH Heading
- Animal; Betaine|PD; Chickens; Homocysteine|BL/IP; Human;
Methionine|IP; Sheep; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't,
P.H.S.
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0009-8981
- Country of Publication
- NETHERLANDS
Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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- Title
- Homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency--the
effects of betaine treatment in pyridoxine-responsive patients.
- Author
- Wilcken DE; Dudman NP; Tyrrell PA
- Address
-
- Source
- Metabolism, 1985 Dec, 34:12, 1115-21
- Abstract
- Homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency may
be responsive to pyridoxine, a precursor of the cofactor pyridoxal
phosphate, and the amount of residual enzyme activity present is the
probable determinant of this. In six treated pyridoxine-responsive
patients whose biochemical control of fasting plasma amino acid
levels appeared optimal, we assessed the effects on plasma amino
acids of standard oral methionine loads (4g/m2 of body area) before
and after adding betaine (trimethylglycine) 6 g/d, to the treatment
regimen of pyridoxine and folic acid. Our aim was to define the
capacity of these patients to metabolize methionine and to determine
whether betaine would effect a reduction in postload homocysteine
levels. During the 24 hours after the methionine challenge all
patients had higher plasma methionine and homocysteine and lower
cysteine than did 17 normal subjects. After betaine these
homocysteine responses were reduced to near normal, and there was a
trend toward increased methionine. There was a direct correlation
between premethionine fasting homocysteine and mean homocysteine
responses during the 24 hours following the methionine load, both
before (r = 0.79) and after betaine (r = 0.71). Betaine also
increased plasma cysteine levels in patients with the more severe
biochemical abnormalities. After betaine there were modest increases
in plasma serine (mean increase 25%; P less than 0.025). Since the
vascular complications of homocystinuria are related to increased
plasma homocysteine, betaine therapy may reduce this risk in
patients receiving a standard pyridoxine and folic acid regimen in
whom there are abnormal homocysteine responses after a standard
methionine load.
- Language of Publication
- English
- Unique Identifier
- 86064904
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- MeSH Heading (Major)
- Betaine|*TU; Cystathionine beta-Synthase|*DF; Homocystinuria|BL/*DT/ET;
Hydro-Lyases|*DF; Pyridoxine|*TU
- MeSH Heading
- Adolescence; Adult; Child; Cysteine|BL; Drug Therapy, Combination;
Female; Folic Acid|TU; Homocysteine|BL; Human; Male; Methionine|BL;
Middle Age; Serine|BL; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Publication Type
- JOURNAL ARTICLE
- ISSN
- 0026-0495
- Country of Publication
- UNITED STATES
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