NLM database Documents

Record 1 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

1H NMR determination of urinary betaine in patients with premature vascular disease and mild homocysteinemia.

Author

Lundberg P; Dudman NP; Kuchel PW; Wilcken DE

Address

Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Source

Clin Chem, 1995 Feb, 41:2, 275-83

Abstract

Urinary N,N,N-trimethylglycine (betaine) and N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) have been identified and quantified for clinical purposes by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) measurement in previous studies. We have assessed these procedures by using both one-dimensional (1-D) and 2-D NMR spectroscopy, together with pH titration of urinary extracts to help assign 1H NMR spectral peaks. The betaine calibration curve linearity was excellent (r = 0.997, P = 0.0001) over the concentration range 0.2-1.2 mmol/L, and CVs for replicate betaine analyses ranged from 7% (n = 10) at the lowest concentration to 1% (n = 9) at the highest. The detection limit for betaine was < 15 mumol/L. Urinary DMG concentrations were substantially lower than those of betaine. Urinary betaine and DMG concentrations measured by 1H NMR spectroscopy from 13 patients with premature vascular disease and 17 normal controls provided clinically pertinent data. We conclude that 1H NMR provides unique advantages as a research tool for determination of urinary betaine and DMG concentrations.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

95179851

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Betaine|*UR; Homocysteine|*BL; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance|*; Vascular Diseases|*UR

MeSH Heading

Adult; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors|UR; Creatinine|UR; Glycine|UR; Human; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Regression Analysis; Sarcosine|AA/UR; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0009-9147

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

Record 2 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Osmoregulation in Klebsiella pneumoniae: enhancement of anaerobic growth and nitrogen fixation under stress by proline betaine, gamma-butyrobetaine, and other related compounds.

Author

Le Rudulier D; Bernard T; Goas G; Hamelin J

Address

 

Source

Can J Microbiol, 1984 Mar, 30:3, 299-305

Abstract

Exogenous proline betaine ( stachydrine or N- dimethylproline ) or gamma-butyrobetaine (gamma-trimethylaminobutyrate), at a concentration as low as 1 mM, were found to stimulate the growth rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae, wild type M5A1 , in media of inhibitory osmotic strength (0.8 M NaC1). Simultaneously, nitrogen fixation by whole cells, a process particularly sensitive to osmotic stress, was strongly enhanced by these compounds. However, in the absence of sodium chloride, both the growth and nitrogen fixation were not affected by the addition of the methylammonium derivatives in the medium. The sensitivity of the nitrogen fixation to osmotic stress was used as a bioassay to evaluate the potentiality of osmoprotective compound in relation to the number of methyl groups on the nitrogen atom of glycine, proline, and gamma-aminobutyrate. Experiments with sarcosine ( monomethylglycine ), dimethylglycine, and glycine betaine ( trimethylglycine ), or experiments with mono- and di- methylproline or gamma-mono-, gamma-di, gamma-tri- methylaminobutyrate , indicated that the greatest stress tolerance was always obtained with the more N-methylated compounds.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

84205133

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Betaine|*AA/PD; Klebsiella pneumoniae|*DE/GD/ME; Proline|*AA/PD; Water-Electrolyte Balance|*DE

MeSH Heading

Anaerobiosis; Human; Nitrogen Fixation|DE; Nitrogenase|ME; Osmolar Concentration; Stimulation, Chemical; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0008-4166

Country of Publication

CANADA

Record 3 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Betaine-containing toothpaste relieves subjective symptoms of dry mouth.

Author

Söderling E; Le Bell A; Kirstilä V; Tenovuo J

Address

Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland.

Source

Acta Odontol Scand, 1998 Apr, 56:2, 65-9

Abstract

Subjects with dry mouth often experience irritation of the oral mucosa when using sodium lauryl sulfate containing products for oral hygiene. Betaine, or trimethylglycine, reduces skin-irritating effects of ingredients of cosmetics such as sodium lauryl sulfate. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a betaine-containing toothpaste with a regular toothpaste on the oral microbial flora, the condition of the oral mucosa, and subjective symptoms of dry mouth in subjects with chronic dry mouth symptoms. Thirteen subjects with chronic dry mouth symptoms and with a paraffin-stimulated salivary flow rate < or = 1 mL/min participated in the double-blind crossover study. Ten subjects had a very low salivary flow rate (< or = 0.6 mL/min). The subjects used both experimental toothpastes (with or without 4% betaine) twice a day for 2 weeks. Oral examinations and microbiologic sample collections were made at the base lines preceding the two experimental periods and at the end. Standardized questions on subjective symptoms of dry mouth were used when the subjects were interviewed at the end of the two experimental periods. No study-induced significant changes were observed in the microbiologic variables (plaque index, mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, Candida species) or in the appearance of the oral mucosa. The use of the betaine-containing toothpaste was, however, associated with a significant relief of several subjective symptoms of dry mouth. Betaine appears thus to be a promising ingredient of toothpastes in general and especially of toothpastes designed for patients with dry mouth.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

98332118

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Betaine|PD/*TU; Toothpaste|*; Wetting Agents|PD/*TU; Xerostomia|*DT

MeSH Heading

Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Candida|DE; Chi-Square Distribution; Colony Count, Microbial; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Human; Lactobacillus|DE; Male; Middle Age; Mouth Mucosa|DE; Salivation|DE; Secretory Rate|DE; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate|AE; Streptococcus mutans|DE; Surface-Active Agents|AE; Treatment Outcome

Publication Type

CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0001-6357

Country of Publication

NORWAY

Record 4 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase--a new assay for the liver enzyme and its absence from human skin fibroblasts and peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Author

Wang JA; Dudman NP; Lynch J; Wilcken DE

Address

Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Prince Henry Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Source

Clin Chim Acta, 1991 Dec, 204:1-3, 239-49

Abstract

Chronic elevation of plasma homocysteine is associated with increased atherogenesis and thrombosis, and can be lowered by betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) treatment which is thought to stimulate activity of the enzyme betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase. We have developed a new assay for this enzyme, in which the products of the enzyme-catalysed reaction between betaine and homocysteine are oxidised by performic acid before being separated and quantified by amino acid analysis. This assay confirmed that human liver contains abundant betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase (33.4 nmol/h/mg protein at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4). Chicken and lamb livers also contain the enzyme, with respective activities of 50.4 and 6.2 nmol/h/mg protein. However, phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes and cultured human skin fibroblasts contained no detectable betaine:homocysteine methyltransferase (less than 1.4 nmol/h/mg protein), even after cells were pre-cultured in media designed to stimulate production of the enzyme. The results emphasize the importance of the liver in mediating the lowering of elevated circulating homocysteine by betaine.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

92306342

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Fibroblasts|*EN; Liver|*EN; Lymphocytes|*EN; Methyltransferases|*AN/ME; Skin|*EN

MeSH Heading

Animal; Betaine|PD; Chickens; Homocysteine|BL/IP; Human; Methionine|IP; Sheep; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0009-8981

Country of Publication

NETHERLANDS

Record 5 from database: MEDLINE
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Title

Homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency--the effects of betaine treatment in pyridoxine-responsive patients.

Author

Wilcken DE; Dudman NP; Tyrrell PA

Address

 

Source

Metabolism, 1985 Dec, 34:12, 1115-21

Abstract

Homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency may be responsive to pyridoxine, a precursor of the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate, and the amount of residual enzyme activity present is the probable determinant of this. In six treated pyridoxine-responsive patients whose biochemical control of fasting plasma amino acid levels appeared optimal, we assessed the effects on plasma amino acids of standard oral methionine loads (4g/m2 of body area) before and after adding betaine (trimethylglycine) 6 g/d, to the treatment regimen of pyridoxine and folic acid. Our aim was to define the capacity of these patients to metabolize methionine and to determine whether betaine would effect a reduction in postload homocysteine levels. During the 24 hours after the methionine challenge all patients had higher plasma methionine and homocysteine and lower cysteine than did 17 normal subjects. After betaine these homocysteine responses were reduced to near normal, and there was a trend toward increased methionine. There was a direct correlation between premethionine fasting homocysteine and mean homocysteine responses during the 24 hours following the methionine load, both before (r = 0.79) and after betaine (r = 0.71). Betaine also increased plasma cysteine levels in patients with the more severe biochemical abnormalities. After betaine there were modest increases in plasma serine (mean increase 25%; P less than 0.025). Since the vascular complications of homocystinuria are related to increased plasma homocysteine, betaine therapy may reduce this risk in patients receiving a standard pyridoxine and folic acid regimen in whom there are abnormal homocysteine responses after a standard methionine load.

Language of Publication

English

Unique Identifier

86064904

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MeSH Heading (Major)

Betaine|*TU; Cystathionine beta-Synthase|*DF; Homocystinuria|BL/*DT/ET; Hydro-Lyases|*DF; Pyridoxine|*TU

MeSH Heading

Adolescence; Adult; Child; Cysteine|BL; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Folic Acid|TU; Homocysteine|BL; Human; Male; Methionine|BL; Middle Age; Serine|BL; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Publication Type

JOURNAL ARTICLE

ISSN

0026-0495

Country of Publication

UNITED STATES

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